Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/dev' into dev

# Conflicts:
#	internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

cmd/server/main.go

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ func main() {
 	// Command-line flags to control the application's behavior.
 	var login bool
 	var codexLogin bool
+	var codexDeviceLogin bool
 	var claudeLogin bool
 	var qwenLogin bool
 	var iflowLogin bool
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ func main() {
 	// Define command-line flags for different operation modes.
 	flag.BoolVar(&login, "login", false, "Login Google Account")
 	flag.BoolVar(&codexLogin, "codex-login", false, "Login to Codex using OAuth")
+	flag.BoolVar(&codexDeviceLogin, "codex-device-login", false, "Login to Codex using device code flow")
 	flag.BoolVar(&claudeLogin, "claude-login", false, "Login to Claude using OAuth")
 	flag.BoolVar(&qwenLogin, "qwen-login", false, "Login to Qwen using OAuth")
 	flag.BoolVar(&iflowLogin, "iflow-login", false, "Login to iFlow using OAuth")
@@ -467,6 +469,9 @@ func main() {
 	} else if codexLogin {
 		// Handle Codex login
 		cmd.DoCodexLogin(cfg, options)
+	} else if codexDeviceLogin {
+		// Handle Codex device-code login
+		cmd.DoCodexDeviceLogin(cfg, options)
 	} else if claudeLogin {
 		// Handle Claude login
 		cmd.DoClaudeLogin(cfg, options)

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files.go

@@ -408,6 +408,9 @@ func (h *Handler) buildAuthFileEntry(auth *coreauth.Auth) gin.H {
 	if !auth.LastRefreshedAt.IsZero() {
 		entry["last_refresh"] = auth.LastRefreshedAt
 	}
+	if !auth.NextRetryAfter.IsZero() {
+		entry["next_retry_after"] = auth.NextRetryAfter
+	}
 	if path != "" {
 		entry["path"] = path
 		entry["source"] = "file"
@@ -947,11 +950,17 @@ func (h *Handler) saveTokenRecord(ctx context.Context, record *coreauth.Auth) (s
 	if store == nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("token store unavailable")
 	}
+	if h.postAuthHook != nil {
+		if err := h.postAuthHook(ctx, record); err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("post-auth hook failed: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
 	return store.Save(ctx, record)
 }
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestAnthropicToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing Claude authentication...")
 
@@ -1096,6 +1105,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestAnthropicToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 	proxyHTTPClient := util.SetProxy(&h.cfg.SDKConfig, &http.Client{})
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, oauth2.HTTPClient, proxyHTTPClient)
 
@@ -1354,6 +1364,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing Codex authentication...")
 
@@ -1499,6 +1510,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestAntigravityToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing Antigravity authentication...")
 
@@ -1663,6 +1675,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestAntigravityToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestQwenToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing Qwen authentication...")
 
@@ -1718,6 +1731,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestQwenToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestKimiToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing Kimi authentication...")
 
@@ -1794,6 +1808,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestKimiToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func (h *Handler) RequestIFlowToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx = PopulateAuthContext(ctx, c)
 
 	fmt.Println("Initializing iFlow authentication...")
 
@@ -2412,3 +2427,12 @@ func (h *Handler) GetAuthStatus(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "wait"})
 }
+
+// PopulateAuthContext extracts request info and adds it to the context
+func PopulateAuthContext(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context) context.Context {
+	info := &coreauth.RequestInfo{
+		Query:   c.Request.URL.Query(),
+		Headers: c.Request.Header,
+	}
+	return coreauth.WithRequestInfo(ctx, info)
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/handler.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ type Handler struct {
 	allowRemoteOverride bool
 	envSecret           string
 	logDir              string
+	postAuthHook        coreauth.PostAuthHook
 }
 
 // NewHandler creates a new management handler instance.
@@ -128,6 +129,11 @@ func (h *Handler) SetLogDirectory(dir string) {
 	h.logDir = dir
 }
 
+// SetPostAuthHook registers a hook to be called after auth record creation but before persistence.
+func (h *Handler) SetPostAuthHook(hook coreauth.PostAuthHook) {
+	h.postAuthHook = hook
+}
+
 // Middleware enforces access control for management endpoints.
 // All requests (local and remote) require a valid management key.
 // Additionally, remote access requires allow-remote-management=true.

internal/api/server.go

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ type serverOptionConfig struct {
 	keepAliveEnabled     bool
 	keepAliveTimeout     time.Duration
 	keepAliveOnTimeout   func()
+	postAuthHook         auth.PostAuthHook
 }
 
 // ServerOption customises HTTP server construction.
@@ -111,6 +112,13 @@ func WithRequestLoggerFactory(factory func(*config.Config, string) logging.Reque
 	}
 }
 
+// WithPostAuthHook registers a hook to be called after auth record creation.
+func WithPostAuthHook(hook auth.PostAuthHook) ServerOption {
+	return func(cfg *serverOptionConfig) {
+		cfg.postAuthHook = hook
+	}
+}
+
 // Server represents the main API server.
 // It encapsulates the Gin engine, HTTP server, handlers, and configuration.
 type Server struct {
@@ -262,6 +270,9 @@ func NewServer(cfg *config.Config, authManager *auth.Manager, accessManager *sdk
 	}
 	logDir := logging.ResolveLogDirectory(cfg)
 	s.mgmt.SetLogDirectory(logDir)
+	if optionState.postAuthHook != nil {
+		s.mgmt.SetPostAuthHook(optionState.postAuthHook)
+	}
 	s.localPassword = optionState.localPassword
 
 	// Setup routes

internal/auth/claude/token.go

@@ -36,11 +36,21 @@ type ClaudeTokenStorage struct {
 
 	// Expire is the timestamp when the current access token expires.
 	Expire string `json:"expired"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *ClaudeTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // SaveTokenToFile serializes the Claude token storage to a JSON file.
 // This method creates the necessary directory structure and writes the token
 // data in JSON format to the specified file path for persistent storage.
+// It merges any injected metadata into the top-level JSON object.
 //
 // Parameters:
 //   - authFilePath: The full path where the token file should be saved
@@ -65,8 +75,14 @@ func (ts *ClaudeTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 		_ = f.Close()
 	}()
 
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
+
 	// Encode and write the token data as JSON
-	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write token to file: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/auth/codex/openai_auth.go

@@ -71,16 +71,26 @@ func (o *CodexAuth) GenerateAuthURL(state string, pkceCodes *PKCECodes) (string,
 // It performs an HTTP POST request to the OpenAI token endpoint with the provided
 // authorization code and PKCE verifier.
 func (o *CodexAuth) ExchangeCodeForTokens(ctx context.Context, code string, pkceCodes *PKCECodes) (*CodexAuthBundle, error) {
+	return o.ExchangeCodeForTokensWithRedirect(ctx, code, RedirectURI, pkceCodes)
+}
+
+// ExchangeCodeForTokensWithRedirect exchanges an authorization code for tokens using
+// a caller-provided redirect URI. This supports alternate auth flows such as device
+// login while preserving the existing token parsing and storage behavior.
+func (o *CodexAuth) ExchangeCodeForTokensWithRedirect(ctx context.Context, code, redirectURI string, pkceCodes *PKCECodes) (*CodexAuthBundle, error) {
 	if pkceCodes == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("PKCE codes are required for token exchange")
 	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(redirectURI) == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("redirect URI is required for token exchange")
+	}
 
 	// Prepare token exchange request
 	data := url.Values{
 		"grant_type":    {"authorization_code"},
 		"client_id":     {ClientID},
 		"code":          {code},
-		"redirect_uri":  {RedirectURI},
+		"redirect_uri":  {strings.TrimSpace(redirectURI)},
 		"code_verifier": {pkceCodes.CodeVerifier},
 	}
 
@@ -266,6 +276,10 @@ func (o *CodexAuth) RefreshTokensWithRetry(ctx context.Context, refreshToken str
 		if err == nil {
 			return tokenData, nil
 		}
+		if isNonRetryableRefreshErr(err) {
+			log.Warnf("Token refresh attempt %d failed with non-retryable error: %v", attempt+1, err)
+			return nil, err
+		}
 
 		lastErr = err
 		log.Warnf("Token refresh attempt %d failed: %v", attempt+1, err)
@@ -274,6 +288,14 @@ func (o *CodexAuth) RefreshTokensWithRetry(ctx context.Context, refreshToken str
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh failed after %d attempts: %w", maxRetries, lastErr)
 }
 
+func isNonRetryableRefreshErr(err error) bool {
+	if err == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	raw := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
+	return strings.Contains(raw, "refresh_token_reused")
+}
+
 // UpdateTokenStorage updates an existing CodexTokenStorage with new token data.
 // This is typically called after a successful token refresh to persist the new credentials.
 func (o *CodexAuth) UpdateTokenStorage(storage *CodexTokenStorage, tokenData *CodexTokenData) {

internal/auth/codex/openai_auth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package codex
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+
+func (f roundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return f(req)
+}
+
+func TestRefreshTokensWithRetry_NonRetryableOnlyAttemptsOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls int32
+	auth := &CodexAuth{
+		httpClient: &http.Client{
+			Transport: roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+				atomic.AddInt32(&calls, 1)
+				return &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest,
+					Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"error":"invalid_grant","code":"refresh_token_reused"}`)),
+					Header:     make(http.Header),
+					Request:    req,
+				}, nil
+			}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := auth.RefreshTokensWithRetry(context.Background(), "dummy_refresh_token", 3)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for non-retryable refresh failure")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "refresh_token_reused") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected refresh_token_reused in error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := atomic.LoadInt32(&calls); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 refresh attempt, got %d", got)
+	}
+}

internal/auth/codex/token.go

@@ -32,11 +32,21 @@ type CodexTokenStorage struct {
 	Type string `json:"type"`
 	// Expire is the timestamp when the current access token expires.
 	Expire string `json:"expired"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *CodexTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // SaveTokenToFile serializes the Codex token storage to a JSON file.
 // This method creates the necessary directory structure and writes the token
 // data in JSON format to the specified file path for persistent storage.
+// It merges any injected metadata into the top-level JSON object.
 //
 // Parameters:
 //   - authFilePath: The full path where the token file should be saved
@@ -58,7 +68,13 @@ func (ts *CodexTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 		_ = f.Close()
 	}()
 
-	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
+
+	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write token to file: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/auth/gemini/gemini_token.go

@@ -35,11 +35,21 @@ type GeminiTokenStorage struct {
 
 	// Type indicates the authentication provider type, always "gemini" for this storage.
 	Type string `json:"type"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *GeminiTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // SaveTokenToFile serializes the Gemini token storage to a JSON file.
 // This method creates the necessary directory structure and writes the token
 // data in JSON format to the specified file path for persistent storage.
+// It merges any injected metadata into the top-level JSON object.
 //
 // Parameters:
 //   - authFilePath: The full path where the token file should be saved
@@ -49,6 +59,11 @@ type GeminiTokenStorage struct {
 func (ts *GeminiTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 	misc.LogSavingCredentials(authFilePath)
 	ts.Type = "gemini"
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(authFilePath), 0700); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -63,7 +78,9 @@ func (ts *GeminiTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(f)
+	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	if err := enc.Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write token to file: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/auth/iflow/iflow_token.go

@@ -21,6 +21,15 @@ type IFlowTokenStorage struct {
 	Scope        string `json:"scope"`
 	Cookie       string `json:"cookie"`
 	Type         string `json:"type"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *IFlowTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // SaveTokenToFile serialises the token storage to disk.
@@ -37,7 +46,13 @@ func (ts *IFlowTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = f.Close() }()
 
-	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
+
+	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("iflow token: encode token failed: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/auth/kimi/token.go

@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ type KimiTokenStorage struct {
 	Expired string `json:"expired,omitempty"`
 	// Type indicates the authentication provider type, always "kimi" for this storage.
 	Type string `json:"type"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *KimiTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // KimiTokenData holds the raw OAuth token response from Kimi.
@@ -86,9 +95,15 @@ func (ts *KimiTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 		_ = f.Close()
 	}()
 
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
+
 	encoder := json.NewEncoder(f)
 	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
-	if err = encoder.Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	if err = encoder.Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write token to file: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/auth/qwen/qwen_token.go

@@ -30,11 +30,21 @@ type QwenTokenStorage struct {
 	Type string `json:"type"`
 	// Expire is the timestamp when the current access token expires.
 	Expire string `json:"expired"`
+
+	// Metadata holds arbitrary key-value pairs injected via hooks.
+	// It is not exported to JSON directly to allow flattening during serialization.
+	Metadata map[string]any `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetMetadata allows external callers to inject metadata into the storage before saving.
+func (ts *QwenTokenStorage) SetMetadata(meta map[string]any) {
+	ts.Metadata = meta
 }
 
 // SaveTokenToFile serializes the Qwen token storage to a JSON file.
 // This method creates the necessary directory structure and writes the token
 // data in JSON format to the specified file path for persistent storage.
+// It merges any injected metadata into the top-level JSON object.
 //
 // Parameters:
 //   - authFilePath: The full path where the token file should be saved
@@ -56,7 +66,13 @@ func (ts *QwenTokenStorage) SaveTokenToFile(authFilePath string) error {
 		_ = f.Close()
 	}()
 
-	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(ts); err != nil {
+	// Merge metadata using helper
+	data, errMerge := misc.MergeMetadata(ts, ts.Metadata)
+	if errMerge != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to merge metadata: %w", errMerge)
+	}
+
+	if err = json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(data); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write token to file: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/cmd/openai_device_login.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/codex"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const (
+	codexLoginModeMetadataKey = "codex_login_mode"
+	codexLoginModeDevice      = "device"
+)
+
+// DoCodexDeviceLogin triggers the Codex device-code flow while keeping the
+// existing codex-login OAuth callback flow intact.
+func DoCodexDeviceLogin(cfg *config.Config, options *LoginOptions) {
+	if options == nil {
+		options = &LoginOptions{}
+	}
+
+	promptFn := options.Prompt
+	if promptFn == nil {
+		promptFn = defaultProjectPrompt()
+	}
+
+	manager := newAuthManager()
+
+	authOpts := &sdkAuth.LoginOptions{
+		NoBrowser:    options.NoBrowser,
+		CallbackPort: options.CallbackPort,
+		Metadata: map[string]string{
+			codexLoginModeMetadataKey: codexLoginModeDevice,
+		},
+		Prompt: promptFn,
+	}
+
+	_, savedPath, err := manager.Login(context.Background(), "codex", cfg, authOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		if authErr, ok := errors.AsType[*codex.AuthenticationError](err); ok {
+			log.Error(codex.GetUserFriendlyMessage(authErr))
+			if authErr.Type == codex.ErrPortInUse.Type {
+				os.Exit(codex.ErrPortInUse.Code)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Codex device authentication failed: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if savedPath != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("Authentication saved to %s\n", savedPath)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Codex device authentication successful!")
+}

internal/misc/credentials.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package misc
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -24,3 +25,37 @@ func LogSavingCredentials(path string) {
 func LogCredentialSeparator() {
 	log.Debug(credentialSeparator)
 }
+
+// MergeMetadata serializes the source struct into a map and merges the provided metadata into it.
+func MergeMetadata(source any, metadata map[string]any) (map[string]any, error) {
+	var data map[string]any
+
+	// Fast path: if source is already a map, just copy it to avoid mutation of original
+	if srcMap, ok := source.(map[string]any); ok {
+		data = make(map[string]any, len(srcMap)+len(metadata))
+		for k, v := range srcMap {
+			data[k] = v
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Slow path: marshal to JSON and back to map to respect JSON tags
+		temp, err := json.Marshal(source)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal source: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(temp, &data); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal to map: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Merge extra metadata
+	if metadata != nil {
+		if data == nil {
+			data = make(map[string]any)
+		}
+		for k, v := range metadata {
+			data[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	return data, nil
+}

internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go

@@ -904,19 +904,12 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		Created     int64
 		Thinking    *ThinkingSupport
 	}{
-		{ID: "tstars2.0", DisplayName: "TStars-2.0", Description: "iFlow TStars-2.0 multimodal assistant", Created: 1746489600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-coder-plus", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Coder-Plus", Description: "Qwen3 Coder Plus code generation", Created: 1753228800},
 		{ID: "qwen3-max", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Max", Description: "Qwen3 flagship model", Created: 1758672000},
 		{ID: "qwen3-vl-plus", DisplayName: "Qwen3-VL-Plus", Description: "Qwen3 multimodal vision-language", Created: 1758672000},
 		{ID: "qwen3-max-preview", DisplayName: "Qwen3-Max-Preview", Description: "Qwen3 Max preview build", Created: 1757030400, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2-0905", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2-Instruct-0905", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 instruct 0905", Created: 1757030400},
 		{ID: "glm-4.6", DisplayName: "GLM-4.6", Description: "Zhipu GLM 4.6 general model", Created: 1759190400, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "glm-4.7", DisplayName: "GLM-4.7", Description: "Zhipu GLM 4.7 general model", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "glm-5", DisplayName: "GLM-5", Description: "Zhipu GLM 5 general model", Created: 1770768000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "kimi-k2", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 general model", Created: 1752192000},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2-thinking", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2-Thinking", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2 thinking model", Created: 1762387200},
-		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2-chat", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 Chat", Created: 1764576000},
-		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2-reasoner", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 Reasoner", Created: 1764576000},
 		{ID: "deepseek-v3.2", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp", Description: "DeepSeek V3.2 experimental", Created: 1759104000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "deepseek-v3.1", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus", Description: "DeepSeek V3.1 Terminus", Created: 1756339200, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "deepseek-r1", DisplayName: "DeepSeek-R1", Description: "DeepSeek reasoning model R1", Created: 1737331200},
@@ -925,11 +918,7 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-thinking-2507", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking (2507)", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-instruct", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B", Created: 1753401600},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2", Description: "MiniMax M2", Created: 1758672000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2.1", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.1", Description: "MiniMax M2.1", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2.5", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.5", Description: "MiniMax M2.5", Created: 1770825600, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "iflow-rome-30ba3b", DisplayName: "iFlow-ROME", Description: "iFlow Rome 30BA3B model", Created: 1736899200},
-		{ID: "kimi-k2.5", DisplayName: "Kimi-K2.5", Description: "Moonshot Kimi K2.5", Created: 1769443200, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 	}
 	models := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, entry := range entries {
@@ -963,6 +952,7 @@ func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":      {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
 		"gemini-3-pro-high":          {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
 		"gemini-3-pro-image":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3.1-pro-high":        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
 		"gemini-3-flash":             {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}},
 		"claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
 		"claude-opus-4-5-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -55,8 +55,78 @@ const (
 var (
 	randSource      = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
 	randSourceMutex sync.Mutex
+	// antigravityPrimaryModelsCache keeps the latest non-empty model list fetched
+	// from any antigravity auth. Empty fetches never overwrite this cache.
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache struct {
+		mu     sync.RWMutex
+		models []*registry.ModelInfo
+	}
 )
 
+func cloneAntigravityModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]*registry.ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil || strings.TrimSpace(model.ID) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model))
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func cloneAntigravityModelInfo(model *registry.ModelInfo) *registry.ModelInfo {
+	if model == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	clone := *model
+	if len(model.SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedGenerationMethods = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedGenerationMethods...)
+	}
+	if len(model.SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		clone.SupportedParameters = append([]string(nil), model.SupportedParameters...)
+	}
+	if model.Thinking != nil {
+		thinkingClone := *model.Thinking
+		if len(model.Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+			thinkingClone.Levels = append([]string(nil), model.Thinking.Levels...)
+		}
+		clone.Thinking = &thinkingClone
+	}
+	return &clone
+}
+
+func storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models []*registry.ModelInfo) bool {
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(models)
+	if len(cloned) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = cloned
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+	return true
+}
+
+func loadAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RLock()
+	cloned := cloneAntigravityModels(antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models)
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.RUnlock()
+	return cloned
+}
+
+func fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
+	models := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(models) > 0 {
+		log.Debugf("antigravity executor: using cached primary model list (%d models)", len(models))
+	}
+	return models
+}
+
 // AntigravityExecutor proxies requests to the antigravity upstream.
 type AntigravityExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
@@ -1072,7 +1142,7 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 	exec := &AntigravityExecutor{cfg: cfg}
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := exec.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
 	if errToken != nil || token == "" {
-		return nil
+		return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 	}
 	if updatedAuth != nil {
 		auth = updatedAuth
@@ -1096,7 +1166,7 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 
 		httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, modelsURL, bytes.NewReader(payload))
 		if errReq != nil {
-			return nil
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 		httpReq.Close = true
 		httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
@@ -1109,14 +1179,13 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
-				return nil
+				return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 			}
 			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models request failed: %v", errDo)
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
-			return nil
 		}
 
 		bodyBytes, errRead := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -1128,21 +1197,27 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models read error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models read body failed: %v", errRead)
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
-			return nil
 		}
 		if httpResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || httpResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
 			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			log.Errorf("antigravity executor: models request error status %d: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes))
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
-			return nil
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request failed with status %d on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		result := gjson.GetBytes(bodyBytes, "models")
 		if !result.Exists() {
-			return nil
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models field missing on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 		}
 
 		now := time.Now().Unix()
@@ -1210,9 +1285,18 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 			}
 			models = append(models, modelInfo)
 		}
+		if len(models) == 0 {
+			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
+				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: empty models list on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			log.Debug("antigravity executor: fetched empty model list; retaining cached primary model list")
+			return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+		}
+		storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(models)
 		return models
 	}
-	return nil
+	return fallbackAntigravityPrimaryModels()
 }
 
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ensureAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (string, *cliproxyauth.Auth, error) {

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor_models_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+)
+
+func resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest() {
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Lock()
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.models = nil
+	antigravityPrimaryModelsCache.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func TestStoreAntigravityPrimaryModels_EmptyDoesNotOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	seed := []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(seed); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-empty model list to update primary cache")
+	}
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels(nil); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected nil model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{}); updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected empty model list not to overwrite primary cache")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model count 2, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	if got[0].ID != "claude-sonnet-4-5" || got[1].ID != "gemini-2.5-pro" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected cached model ids: %q, %q", got[0].ID, got[1].ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadAntigravityPrimaryModels_ReturnsClone(t *testing.T) {
+	resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest()
+	t.Cleanup(resetAntigravityPrimaryModelsCacheForTest)
+
+	if updated := storeAntigravityPrimaryModels([]*registry.ModelInfo{{
+		ID:                         "gpt-5",
+		DisplayName:                "GPT-5",
+		SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent"},
+		SupportedParameters:        []string{"temperature"},
+		Thinking: &registry.ThinkingSupport{
+			Levels: []string{"high"},
+		},
+	}}); !updated {
+		t.Fatal("expected model cache update")
+	}
+
+	got := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	got[0].ID = "mutated-id"
+	if len(got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] = "mutated-method"
+	}
+	if len(got[0].SupportedParameters) > 0 {
+		got[0].SupportedParameters[0] = "mutated-parameter"
+	}
+	if got[0].Thinking != nil && len(got[0].Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+		got[0].Thinking.Levels[0] = "mutated-level"
+	}
+
+	again := loadAntigravityPrimaryModels()
+	if len(again) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one cached model after mutation, got %d", len(again))
+	}
+	if again[0].ID != "gpt-5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model id to remain %q, got %q", "gpt-5", again[0].ID)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods) == 0 || again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods[0] != "generateContent" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached generation methods to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedGenerationMethods)
+	}
+	if len(again[0].SupportedParameters) == 0 || again[0].SupportedParameters[0] != "temperature" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached supported parameters to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].SupportedParameters)
+	}
+	if again[0].Thinking == nil || len(again[0].Thinking.Levels) == 0 || again[0].Thinking.Levels[0] != "high" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cached model thinking levels to be unmutated, got %v", again[0].Thinking)
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) executeCompact(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, b)
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		}
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), data))
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(data)}
+		err = newCodexStatusErr(httpResp.StatusCode, data)
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)
@@ -673,6 +673,35 @@ func applyCodexHeaders(r *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, token string, s
 	util.ApplyCustomHeadersFromAttrs(r, attrs)
 }
 
+func newCodexStatusErr(statusCode int, body []byte) statusErr {
+	err := statusErr{code: statusCode, msg: string(body)}
+	if retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode, body, time.Now()); retryAfter != nil {
+		err.retryAfter = retryAfter
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func parseCodexRetryAfter(statusCode int, errorBody []byte, now time.Time) *time.Duration {
+	if statusCode != http.StatusTooManyRequests || len(errorBody) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.type").String()) != "usage_limit_reached" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if resetsAt := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_at").Int(); resetsAt > 0 {
+		resetAtTime := time.Unix(resetsAt, 0)
+		if resetAtTime.After(now) {
+			retryAfter := resetAtTime.Sub(now)
+			return &retryAfter
+		}
+	}
+	if resetsInSeconds := gjson.GetBytes(errorBody, "error.resets_in_seconds").Int(); resetsInSeconds > 0 {
+		retryAfter := time.Duration(resetsInSeconds) * time.Second
+		return &retryAfter
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func codexCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 	if a == nil {
 		return "", ""

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor_retry_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestParseCodexRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0)
+
+	t.Run("resets_in_seconds", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":123}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 123*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 123*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("prefers resets_at", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(5 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":1}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 5*time.Minute {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 5*time.Minute)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("fallback when resets_at is past", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resetAt := now.Add(-1 * time.Minute).Unix()
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_at":` + itoa(resetAt) + `,"resets_in_seconds":77}}`)
+		retryAfter := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now)
+		if retryAfter == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected retryAfter, got nil")
+		}
+		if *retryAfter != 77*time.Second {
+			t.Fatalf("retryAfter = %v, want %v", *retryAfter, 77*time.Second)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-429 status code", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"usage_limit_reached","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusBadRequest, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-429, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non usage_limit_reached error type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":{"type":"server_error","resets_in_seconds":30}}`)
+		if got := parseCodexRetryAfter(http.StatusTooManyRequests, body, now); got != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected nil for non-usage_limit_reached, got %v", *got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func itoa(v int64) string {
+	return strconv.FormatInt(v, 10)
+}

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	qwenauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/qwen"
@@ -22,9 +23,151 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	qwenUserAgent = "QwenCode/0.10.3 (darwin; arm64)"
+	qwenUserAgent       = "QwenCode/0.10.3 (darwin; arm64)"
+	qwenRateLimitPerMin = 60          // 60 requests per minute per credential
+	qwenRateLimitWindow = time.Minute // sliding window duration
 )
 
+// qwenBeijingLoc caches the Beijing timezone to avoid repeated LoadLocation syscalls.
+var qwenBeijingLoc = func() *time.Location {
+	loc, err := time.LoadLocation("Asia/Shanghai")
+	if err != nil || loc == nil {
+		log.Warnf("qwen: failed to load Asia/Shanghai timezone: %v, using fixed UTC+8", err)
+		return time.FixedZone("CST", 8*3600)
+	}
+	return loc
+}()
+
+// qwenQuotaCodes is a package-level set of error codes that indicate quota exhaustion.
+var qwenQuotaCodes = map[string]struct{}{
+	"insufficient_quota": {},
+	"quota_exceeded":     {},
+}
+
+// qwenRateLimiter tracks request timestamps per credential for rate limiting.
+// Qwen has a limit of 60 requests per minute per account.
+var qwenRateLimiter = struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	requests map[string][]time.Time // authID -> request timestamps
+}{
+	requests: make(map[string][]time.Time),
+}
+
+// redactAuthID returns a redacted version of the auth ID for safe logging.
+// Keeps a small prefix/suffix to allow correlation across events.
+func redactAuthID(id string) string {
+	if id == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(id) <= 8 {
+		return id
+	}
+	return id[:4] + "..." + id[len(id)-4:]
+}
+
+// checkQwenRateLimit checks if the credential has exceeded the rate limit.
+// Returns nil if allowed, or a statusErr with retryAfter if rate limited.
+func checkQwenRateLimit(authID string) error {
+	if authID == "" {
+		// Empty authID should not bypass rate limiting in production
+		// Use debug level to avoid log spam for certain auth flows
+		log.Debug("qwen rate limit check: empty authID, skipping rate limit")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	windowStart := now.Add(-qwenRateLimitWindow)
+
+	qwenRateLimiter.Lock()
+	defer qwenRateLimiter.Unlock()
+
+	// Get and filter timestamps within the window
+	timestamps := qwenRateLimiter.requests[authID]
+	var validTimestamps []time.Time
+	for _, ts := range timestamps {
+		if ts.After(windowStart) {
+			validTimestamps = append(validTimestamps, ts)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Always prune expired entries to prevent memory leak
+	// Delete empty entries, otherwise update with pruned slice
+	if len(validTimestamps) == 0 {
+		delete(qwenRateLimiter.requests, authID)
+	}
+
+	// Check if rate limit exceeded
+	if len(validTimestamps) >= qwenRateLimitPerMin {
+		// Calculate when the oldest request will expire
+		oldestInWindow := validTimestamps[0]
+		retryAfter := oldestInWindow.Add(qwenRateLimitWindow).Sub(now)
+		if retryAfter < time.Second {
+			retryAfter = time.Second
+		}
+		retryAfterSec := int(retryAfter.Seconds())
+		return statusErr{
+			code:       http.StatusTooManyRequests,
+			msg:        fmt.Sprintf(`{"error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Qwen rate limit: %d requests/minute exceeded, retry after %ds","type":"rate_limit_exceeded"}}`, qwenRateLimitPerMin, retryAfterSec),
+			retryAfter: &retryAfter,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Record this request and update the map with pruned timestamps
+	validTimestamps = append(validTimestamps, now)
+	qwenRateLimiter.requests[authID] = validTimestamps
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isQwenQuotaError checks if the error response indicates a quota exceeded error.
+// Qwen returns HTTP 403 with error.code="insufficient_quota" when daily quota is exhausted.
+func isQwenQuotaError(body []byte) bool {
+	code := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.code").String())
+	errType := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.type").String())
+
+	// Primary check: exact match on error.code or error.type (most reliable)
+	if _, ok := qwenQuotaCodes[code]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	if _, ok := qwenQuotaCodes[errType]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Fallback: check message only if code/type don't match (less reliable)
+	msg := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.message").String())
+	if strings.Contains(msg, "insufficient_quota") || strings.Contains(msg, "quota exceeded") ||
+		strings.Contains(msg, "free allocated quota exceeded") {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// wrapQwenError wraps an HTTP error response, detecting quota errors and mapping them to 429.
+// Returns the appropriate status code and retryAfter duration for statusErr.
+// Only checks for quota errors when httpCode is 403 or 429 to avoid false positives.
+func wrapQwenError(ctx context.Context, httpCode int, body []byte) (errCode int, retryAfter *time.Duration) {
+	errCode = httpCode
+	// Only check quota errors for expected status codes to avoid false positives
+	// Qwen returns 403 for quota errors, 429 for rate limits
+	if (httpCode == http.StatusForbidden || httpCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests) && isQwenQuotaError(body) {
+		errCode = http.StatusTooManyRequests // Map to 429 to trigger quota logic
+		cooldown := timeUntilNextDay()
+		retryAfter = &cooldown
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen quota exceeded (http %d -> %d), cooling down until tomorrow (%v)", httpCode, errCode, cooldown)
+	}
+	return errCode, retryAfter
+}
+
+// timeUntilNextDay returns duration until midnight Beijing time (UTC+8).
+// Qwen's daily quota resets at 00:00 Beijing time.
+func timeUntilNextDay() time.Duration {
+	now := time.Now()
+	nowLocal := now.In(qwenBeijingLoc)
+	tomorrow := time.Date(nowLocal.Year(), nowLocal.Month(), nowLocal.Day()+1, 0, 0, 0, 0, qwenBeijingLoc)
+	return tomorrow.Sub(now)
+}
+
 // QwenExecutor is a stateless executor for Qwen Code using OpenAI-compatible chat completions.
 // If access token is unavailable, it falls back to legacy via ClientAdapter.
 type QwenExecutor struct {
@@ -67,6 +210,17 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	if opts.Alt == "responses/compact" {
 		return resp, statusErr{code: http.StatusNotImplemented, msg: "/responses/compact not supported"}
 	}
+
+	// Check rate limit before proceeding
+	var authID string
+	if auth != nil {
+		authID = auth.ID
+	}
+	if err := checkQwenRateLimit(authID); err != nil {
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen rate limit exceeded for credential %s", redactAuthID(authID))
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
 	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
@@ -102,9 +256,8 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	applyQwenHeaders(httpReq, token, false)
-	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
+	var authLabel, authType, authValue string
 	if auth != nil {
-		authID = auth.ID
 		authLabel = auth.Label
 		authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
 	}
@@ -135,8 +288,10 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
-		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
+
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
+		err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
 		return resp, err
 	}
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
@@ -158,6 +313,17 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	if opts.Alt == "responses/compact" {
 		return nil, statusErr{code: http.StatusNotImplemented, msg: "/responses/compact not supported"}
 	}
+
+	// Check rate limit before proceeding
+	var authID string
+	if auth != nil {
+		authID = auth.ID
+	}
+	if err := checkQwenRateLimit(authID); err != nil {
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Warnf("qwen rate limit exceeded for credential %s", redactAuthID(authID))
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
@@ -200,9 +366,8 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	applyQwenHeaders(httpReq, token, true)
-	var authID, authLabel, authType, authValue string
+	var authLabel, authType, authValue string
 	if auth != nil {
-		authID = auth.ID
 		authLabel = auth.Label
 		authType, authValue = auth.AccountInfo()
 	}
@@ -228,11 +393,13 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
 		b, _ := io.ReadAll(httpResp.Body)
 		appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, b)
-		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
+
+		errCode, retryAfter := wrapQwenError(ctx, httpResp.StatusCode, b)
+		logWithRequestID(ctx).Debugf("request error, error status: %d (mapped: %d), error message: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, errCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), b))
 		if errClose := httpResp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
 			log.Errorf("qwen executor: close response body error: %v", errClose)
 		}
-		err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(b)}
+		err = statusErr{code: errCode, msg: string(b), retryAfter: retryAfter}
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)

internal/thinking/provider/openai/apply.go

@@ -10,53 +10,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
-// validReasoningEffortLevels contains the standard values accepted by the
-// OpenAI reasoning_effort field. Provider-specific extensions (xhigh, minimal,
-// auto) are NOT in this set and must be clamped before use.
-var validReasoningEffortLevels = map[string]struct{}{
-	"none":   {},
-	"low":    {},
-	"medium": {},
-	"high":   {},
-}
-
-// clampReasoningEffort maps any thinking level string to a value that is safe
-// to send as OpenAI reasoning_effort. Non-standard CPA-internal values are
-// mapped to the nearest standard equivalent.
-//
-// Mapping rules:
-//   - none / low / medium / high  → returned as-is (already valid)
-//   - xhigh                       → "high" (nearest lower standard level)
-//   - minimal                     → "low" (nearest higher standard level)
-//   - auto                        → "medium" (reasonable default)
-//   - anything else               → "medium" (safe default)
-func clampReasoningEffort(level string) string {
-	if _, ok := validReasoningEffortLevels[level]; ok {
-		return level
-	}
-	var clamped string
-	switch level {
-	case string(thinking.LevelXHigh):
-		clamped = string(thinking.LevelHigh)
-	case string(thinking.LevelMinimal):
-		clamped = string(thinking.LevelLow)
-	case string(thinking.LevelAuto):
-		clamped = string(thinking.LevelMedium)
-	default:
-		clamped = string(thinking.LevelMedium)
-	}
-	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-		"original": level,
-		"clamped":  clamped,
-	}).Debug("openai: reasoning_effort clamped to nearest valid standard value")
-	return clamped
-}
-
 // Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for OpenAI models.
 //
 // OpenAI-specific behavior:
@@ -101,7 +58,7 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 	}
 
 	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel {
-		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", clampReasoningEffort(string(config.Level)))
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", string(config.Level))
 		return result, nil
 	}
 
@@ -122,7 +79,7 @@ func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", clampReasoningEffort(effort))
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 	return result, nil
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +114,7 @@ func applyCompatibleOpenAI(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte,
 		return body, nil
 	}
 
-	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", clampReasoningEffort(effort))
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 	return result, nil
 }
 

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go

@@ -223,14 +223,65 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", responseData)
 							} else if functionResponseResult.IsArray() {
 								frResults := functionResponseResult.Array()
-								if len(frResults) == 1 {
+								nonImageCount := 0
-									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", frResults[0].Raw)
+								lastNonImageRaw := ""
+								filteredJSON := "[]"
+								imagePartsJSON := "[]"
+								for _, fr := range frResults {
+									if fr.Get("type").String() == "image" && fr.Get("source.type").String() == "base64" {
+										inlineDataJSON := `{}`
+										if mimeType := fr.Get("source.media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
+											inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
+										}
+										if data := fr.Get("source.data").String(); data != "" {
+											inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)
+										}
+
+										imagePartJSON := `{}`
+										imagePartJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartJSON, "inlineData", inlineDataJSON)
+										imagePartsJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartsJSON, "-1", imagePartJSON)
+										continue
+									}
+
+									nonImageCount++
+									lastNonImageRaw = fr.Raw
+									filteredJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(filteredJSON, "-1", fr.Raw)
+								}
+
+								if nonImageCount == 1 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", lastNonImageRaw)
+								} else if nonImageCount > 1 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", filteredJSON)
 								} else {
-									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", "")
+								}
+
+								// Place image data inside functionResponse.parts as inlineData
+								// instead of as sibling parts in the outer content, to avoid
+								// base64 data bloating the text context.
+								if gjson.Get(imagePartsJSON, "#").Int() > 0 {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "parts", imagePartsJSON)
 								}
 
 							} else if functionResponseResult.IsObject() {
-								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+								if functionResponseResult.Get("type").String() == "image" && functionResponseResult.Get("source.type").String() == "base64" {
+									inlineDataJSON := `{}`
+									if mimeType := functionResponseResult.Get("source.media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
+										inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
+									}
+									if data := functionResponseResult.Get("source.data").String(); data != "" {
+										inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)
+									}
+
+									imagePartJSON := `{}`
+									imagePartJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartJSON, "inlineData", inlineDataJSON)
+									imagePartsJSON := "[]"
+									imagePartsJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(imagePartsJSON, "-1", imagePartJSON)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "parts", imagePartsJSON)
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.Set(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", "")
+								} else {
+									functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
+								}
 							} else if functionResponseResult.Raw != "" {
 								functionResponseJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(functionResponseJSON, "response.result", functionResponseResult.Raw)
 							} else {
@@ -248,7 +299,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 						if sourceResult.Get("type").String() == "base64" {
 							inlineDataJSON := `{}`
 							if mimeType := sourceResult.Get("media_type").String(); mimeType != "" {
-								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mime_type", mimeType)
+								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "mimeType", mimeType)
 							}
 							if data := sourceResult.Get("data").String(); data != "" {
 								inlineDataJSON, _ = sjson.Set(inlineDataJSON, "data", data)

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request_test.go

@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ImageContent(t *testing.T) {
 	if !inlineData.Exists() {
 		t.Error("inlineData should exist")
 	}
-	if inlineData.Get("mime_type").String() != "image/png" {
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
-		t.Error("mime_type mismatch")
+		t.Error("mimeType mismatch")
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(inlineData.Get("data").String(), "iVBORw0KGgo") {
 		t.Error("data mismatch")
@@ -740,6 +740,429 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultNullContent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithImage(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with array content containing text + image should place
+	// image data inside functionResponse.parts as inlineData, not as a
+	// sibling part in the outer content (to avoid base64 context bloat).
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Read-123-456",
+						"content": [
+							{
+								"type": "text",
+								"text": "File content here"
+							},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {
+									"type": "base64",
+									"media_type": "image/png",
+									"data": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUg=="
+								}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	// Image should be inside functionResponse.parts, not as outer sibling part
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Text content should be in response.result
+	resultText := funcResp.Get("response.result.text").String()
+	if resultText != "File content here" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected response.result.text = 'File content here', got '%s'", resultText)
+	}
+
+	// Image should be in functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData
+	inlineData := funcResp.Get("parts.0.inlineData")
+	if !inlineData.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData should exist")
+	}
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", inlineData.Get("mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(inlineData.Get("data").String(), "iVBORw0KGgo") {
+		t.Error("data mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Image should NOT be in outer parts (only functionResponse part should exist)
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts")
+	if outerParts.IsArray() && len(outerParts.Array()) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected only 1 outer part (functionResponse), got %d", len(outerParts.Array()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithSingleImage(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with single image object as content should place
+	// image data inside functionResponse.parts, not as outer sibling part.
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Read-789-012",
+						"content": {
+							"type": "image",
+							"source": {
+								"type": "base64",
+								"media_type": "image/jpeg",
+								"data": "/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQ=="
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// response.result should be empty (image only)
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty response.result for image-only content, got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+
+	// Image should be in functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData
+	inlineData := funcResp.Get("parts.0.inlineData")
+	if !inlineData.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse.parts[0].inlineData should exist")
+	}
+	if inlineData.Get("mimeType").String() != "image/jpeg" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/jpeg', got '%s'", inlineData.Get("mimeType").String())
+	}
+
+	// Image should NOT be in outer parts
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts")
+	if outerParts.IsArray() && len(outerParts.Array()) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected only 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts.Array()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithMultipleImagesAndTexts(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with array content: 2 text items + 2 images
+	// All images go into functionResponse.parts, texts into response.result array
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "Multi-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "First text"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png", "data": "AAAA"}
+							},
+							{"type": "text", "text": "Second text"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/jpeg", "data": "BBBB"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Multiple text items => response.result is an array
+	resultArr := funcResp.Get("response.result")
+	if !resultArr.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected response.result to be an array, got: %s", resultArr.Raw)
+	}
+	results := resultArr.Array()
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 result items, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// Both images should be in functionResponse.parts
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 image parts in functionResponse.parts, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected first image mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "AAAA" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected first image data 'AAAA', got '%s'", imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/jpeg" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected second image mimeType 'image/jpeg', got '%s'", imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "BBBB" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected second image data 'BBBB', got '%s'", imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+
+	// Only 1 outer part (the functionResponse itself)
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts").Array()
+	if len(outerParts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultWithOnlyMultipleImages(t *testing.T) {
+	// tool_result with only images (no text) — response.result should be empty string
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "ImgOnly-001",
+						"content": [
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png", "data": "PNG1"}
+							},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/gif", "data": "GIF1"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// No text => response.result should be empty string
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty response.result, got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+
+	// Both images in functionResponse.parts
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 image parts, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Error("first image mimeType mismatch")
+	}
+	if imgParts[1].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/gif" {
+		t.Error("second image mimeType mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Only 1 outer part
+	outerParts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts").Array()
+	if len(outerParts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 outer part, got %d", len(outerParts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageNotBase64(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type != "base64" should be treated as non-image (falls through)
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NotB64-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "some output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "url", "url": "https://example.com/img.png"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Non-base64 image is treated as non-image, so it goes into the filtered results
+	// along with the text item. Since there are 2 non-image items, result is array.
+	resultArr := funcResp.Get("response.result")
+	if !resultArr.IsArray() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected response.result to be an array (2 non-image items), got: %s", resultArr.Raw)
+	}
+	results := resultArr.Array()
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 result items, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// No functionResponse.parts (no base64 images collected)
+	if funcResp.Get("parts").Exists() {
+		t.Error("functionResponse.parts should NOT exist when no base64 images")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageMissingData(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type=base64 but missing data field
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NoData-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "media_type": "image/png"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// The image is still classified as base64 image (type check passes),
+	// but data field is missing => inlineData has mimeType but no data
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 image part, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Error("mimeType should still be set")
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").Exists() {
+		t.Error("data should not exist when source.data is missing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolResultImageMissingMediaType(t *testing.T) {
+	// image with source.type=base64 but missing media_type field
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{
+						"type": "tool_result",
+						"tool_use_id": "NoMime-001",
+						"content": [
+							{"type": "text", "text": "output"},
+							{
+								"type": "image",
+								"source": {"type": "base64", "data": "AAAA"}
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if !gjson.Valid(outputStr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Result is not valid JSON:\n%s", outputStr)
+	}
+
+	funcResp := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist")
+	}
+
+	// The image is still classified as base64 image,
+	// but media_type is missing => inlineData has data but no mimeType
+	imgParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(imgParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 image part, got %d", len(imgParts))
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").Exists() {
+		t.Error("mimeType should not exist when media_type is missing")
+	}
+	if imgParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "AAAA" {
+		t.Error("data should still be set")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolAndThinking_NoExistingSystem(t *testing.T) {
 	// When tools + thinking but no system instruction, should create one with hint
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{

internal/translator/antigravity/gemini/antigravity_gemini_request_test.go

@@ -93,3 +93,81 @@ func TestConvertGeminiRequestToAntigravity_ParallelFunctionCalls(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFixCLIToolResponse_PreservesFunctionResponseParts(t *testing.T) {
+	// When functionResponse contains a "parts" field with inlineData (from Claude
+	// translator's image embedding), fixCLIToolResponse should preserve it as-is.
+	// parseFunctionResponseRaw returns response.Raw for valid JSON objects,
+	// so extra fields like "parts" survive the pipeline.
+	input := `{
+		"model": "claude-opus-4-6-thinking",
+		"request": {
+			"contents": [
+				{
+					"role": "model",
+					"parts": [
+						{
+							"functionCall": {"name": "screenshot", "args": {}}
+						}
+					]
+				},
+				{
+					"role": "function",
+					"parts": [
+						{
+							"functionResponse": {
+								"id": "tool-001",
+								"name": "screenshot",
+								"response": {"result": "Screenshot taken"},
+								"parts": [
+									{"inlineData": {"mimeType": "image/png", "data": "iVBOR"}}
+								]
+							}
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			]
+		}
+	}`
+
+	result, err := fixCLIToolResponse(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("fixCLIToolResponse failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Find the function response content (role=function)
+	contents := gjson.Get(result, "request.contents").Array()
+	var funcContent gjson.Result
+	for _, c := range contents {
+		if c.Get("role").String() == "function" {
+			funcContent = c
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !funcContent.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("function role content should exist in output")
+	}
+
+	// The functionResponse should be preserved with its parts field
+	funcResp := funcContent.Get("parts.0.functionResponse")
+	if !funcResp.Exists() {
+		t.Fatal("functionResponse should exist in output")
+	}
+
+	// Verify the parts field with inlineData is preserved
+	inlineParts := funcResp.Get("parts").Array()
+	if len(inlineParts) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 inlineData part in functionResponse.parts, got %d", len(inlineParts))
+	}
+	if inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String() != "image/png" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected mimeType 'image/png', got '%s'", inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.mimeType").String())
+	}
+	if inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String() != "iVBOR" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected data 'iVBOR', got '%s'", inlineParts[0].Get("inlineData.data").String())
+	}
+
+	// Verify response.result is also preserved
+	if funcResp.Get("response.result").String() != "Screenshot taken" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected response.result 'Screenshot taken', got '%s'", funcResp.Get("response.result").String())
+	}
+}

internal/translator/antigravity/openai/chat-completions/antigravity_openai_request.go

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								if len(pieces) == 2 && len(pieces[1]) > 7 {
 									mime := pieces[0]
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
-									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								ext = sp[len(sp)-1]
 							}
 							if mimeType, ok := misc.MimeTypes[ext]; ok {
-								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mimeType)
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mimeType)
 								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", fileData)
 								p++
 							} else {
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 								if len(pieces) == 2 && len(pieces[1]) > 7 {
 									mime := pieces[0]
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
-									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mimeType", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++

internal/translator/antigravity/openai/chat-completions/antigravity_openai_response.go

@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ func ConvertAntigravityResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalReq
 		if totalTokenCountResult := usageResult.Get("totalTokenCount"); totalTokenCountResult.Exists() {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.total_tokens", totalTokenCountResult.Int())
 		}
-		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int() - cachedTokenCount
+		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 		thoughtsTokenCount := usageResult.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount)
 		if thoughtsTokenCount > 0 {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
 		}

internal/translator/claude/openai/chat-completions/claude_openai_request.go

@@ -199,6 +199,21 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 									msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", imagePart)
 								}
 							}
+
+						case "file":
+							fileData := part.Get("file.file_data").String()
+							if strings.HasPrefix(fileData, "data:") {
+								semicolonIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ";")
+								commaIdx := strings.Index(fileData, ",")
+								if semicolonIdx != -1 && commaIdx != -1 && commaIdx > semicolonIdx {
+									mediaType := strings.TrimPrefix(fileData[:semicolonIdx], "data:")
+									data := fileData[commaIdx+1:]
+									docPart := `{"type":"document","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
+									docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
+									docPart, _ = sjson.Set(docPart, "source.data", data)
+									msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", docPart)
+								}
+							}
 						}
 						return true
 					})

internal/translator/claude/openai/responses/claude_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 				var textAggregate strings.Builder
 				var partsJSON []string
 				hasImage := false
+				hasFile := false
 				if parts := item.Get("content"); parts.Exists() && parts.IsArray() {
 					parts.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
 						ptype := part.Get("type").String()
@@ -207,6 +208,30 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 									hasImage = true
 								}
 							}
+						case "input_file":
+							fileData := part.Get("file_data").String()
+							if fileData != "" {
+								mediaType := "application/octet-stream"
+								data := fileData
+								if strings.HasPrefix(fileData, "data:") {
+									trimmed := strings.TrimPrefix(fileData, "data:")
+									mediaAndData := strings.SplitN(trimmed, ";base64,", 2)
+									if len(mediaAndData) == 2 {
+										if mediaAndData[0] != "" {
+											mediaType = mediaAndData[0]
+										}
+										data = mediaAndData[1]
+									}
+								}
+								contentPart := `{"type":"document","source":{"type":"base64","media_type":"","data":""}}`
+								contentPart, _ = sjson.Set(contentPart, "source.media_type", mediaType)
+								contentPart, _ = sjson.Set(contentPart, "source.data", data)
+								partsJSON = append(partsJSON, contentPart)
+								if role == "" {
+									role = "user"
+								}
+								hasFile = true
+							}
 						}
 						return true
 					})
@@ -228,7 +253,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 				if len(partsJSON) > 0 {
 					msg := `{"role":"","content":[]}`
 					msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "role", role)
-					if len(partsJSON) == 1 && !hasImage {
+					if len(partsJSON) == 1 && !hasImage && !hasFile {
 						// Preserve legacy behavior for single text content
 						msg, _ = sjson.Delete(msg, "content")
 						textPart := gjson.Parse(partsJSON[0])

internal/translator/codex/openai/chat-completions/codex_openai_request.go

@@ -180,7 +180,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 								msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", part)
 							}
 						case "file":
-							// Files are not specified in examples; skip for now
+							if role == "user" {
+								fileData := it.Get("file.file_data").String()
+								filename := it.Get("file.filename").String()
+								if fileData != "" {
+									part := `{}`
+									part, _ = sjson.Set(part, "type", "input_file")
+									part, _ = sjson.Set(part, "file_data", fileData)
+									if filename != "" {
+										part, _ = sjson.Set(part, "filename", filename)
+									}
+									msg, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msg, "content.-1", part)
+								}
+							}
 						}
 					}
 				}

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "temperature")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "top_p")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier")
+	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "truncation")
+	rawJSON = applyResponsesCompactionCompatibility(rawJSON)
 
 	// Delete the user field as it is not supported by the Codex upstream.
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "user")
@@ -36,6 +38,23 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	return rawJSON
 }
 
+// applyResponsesCompactionCompatibility handles OpenAI Responses context_management.compaction
+// for Codex upstream compatibility.
+//
+// Codex /responses currently rejects context_management with:
+// {"detail":"Unsupported parameter: context_management"}.
+//
+// Compatibility strategy:
+// 1) Remove context_management before forwarding to Codex upstream.
+func applyResponsesCompactionCompatibility(rawJSON []byte) []byte {
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "context_management").Exists() {
+		return rawJSON
+	}
+
+	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "context_management")
+	return rawJSON
+}
+
 // convertSystemRoleToDeveloper traverses the input array and converts any message items
 // with role "system" to role "developer". This is necessary because Codex API does not
 // accept "system" role in the input array.

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go

@@ -280,3 +280,41 @@ func TestUserFieldDeletion(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("user field should be deleted, but it was found with value: %s", userField.Raw)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestContextManagementCompactionCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "gpt-5.2",
+		"context_management": [
+			{
+				"type": "compaction",
+				"compact_threshold": 12000
+			}
+		],
+		"input": [{"role":"user","content":"hello"}]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex("gpt-5.2", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if gjson.Get(outputStr, "context_management").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("context_management should be removed for Codex compatibility")
+	}
+	if gjson.Get(outputStr, "truncation").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("truncation should be removed for Codex compatibility")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTruncationRemovedForCodexCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{
+		"model": "gpt-5.2",
+		"truncation": "disabled",
+		"input": [{"role":"user","content":"hello"}]
+	}`)
+
+	output := ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex("gpt-5.2", inputJSON, false)
+	outputStr := string(output)
+
+	if gjson.Get(outputStr, "truncation").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("truncation should be removed for Codex compatibility")
+	}
+}

internal/translator/gemini-cli/openai/chat-completions/gemini-cli_openai_response.go

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func ConvertCliResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRawJ
 		}
 		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 		thoughtsTokenCount := usageResult.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount)
 		if thoughtsTokenCount > 0 {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
 		}

internal/translator/gemini/openai/chat-completions/gemini_openai_response.go

@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 		if totalTokenCountResult := usageResult.Get("totalTokenCount"); totalTokenCountResult.Exists() {
 			baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.total_tokens", totalTokenCountResult.Int())
 		}
-		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int() - cachedTokenCount
+		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 		thoughtsTokenCount := usageResult.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
-		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount)
 		if thoughtsTokenCount > 0 {
 			baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
 		}
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAINonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 		thoughtsTokenCount := usageResult.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
 		cachedTokenCount := usageResult.Get("cachedContentTokenCount").Int()
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount)
 		if thoughtsTokenCount > 0 {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
 		}

internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_response.go

@@ -531,8 +531,8 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAIResponses(_ context.Context, modelName string,
 
 		// usage mapping
 		if um := root.Get("usageMetadata"); um.Exists() {
-			// input tokens = prompt + thoughts
+			// input tokens = prompt only (thoughts go to output)
-			input := um.Get("promptTokenCount").Int() + um.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
+			input := um.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 			completed, _ = sjson.Set(completed, "response.usage.input_tokens", input)
 			// cached token details: align with OpenAI "cached_tokens" semantics.
 			completed, _ = sjson.Set(completed, "response.usage.input_tokens_details.cached_tokens", um.Get("cachedContentTokenCount").Int())
@@ -737,8 +737,8 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAIResponsesNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string
 
 	// usage mapping
 	if um := root.Get("usageMetadata"); um.Exists() {
-		// input tokens = prompt + thoughts
+		// input tokens = prompt only (thoughts go to output)
-		input := um.Get("promptTokenCount").Int() + um.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
+		input := um.Get("promptTokenCount").Int()
 		resp, _ = sjson.Set(resp, "usage.input_tokens", input)
 		// cached token details: align with OpenAI "cached_tokens" semantics.
 		resp, _ = sjson.Set(resp, "usage.input_tokens_details.cached_tokens", um.Get("cachedContentTokenCount").Int())

sdk/api/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -716,6 +716,12 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handl
 					return
 				}
 				if len(chunk.Payload) > 0 {
+					if handlerType == "openai-response" {
+						if err := validateSSEDataJSON(chunk.Payload); err != nil {
+							_ = sendErr(&interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadGateway, Error: err})
+							return
+						}
+					}
 					sentPayload = true
 					if okSendData := sendData(cloneBytes(chunk.Payload)); !okSendData {
 						return
@@ -727,6 +733,35 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handl
 	return dataChan, upstreamHeaders, errChan
 }
 
+func validateSSEDataJSON(chunk []byte) error {
+	for _, line := range bytes.Split(chunk, []byte("\n")) {
+		line = bytes.TrimSpace(line)
+		if len(line) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(line, []byte("data:")) {
+			continue
+		}
+		data := bytes.TrimSpace(line[5:])
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if bytes.Equal(data, []byte("[DONE]")) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if json.Valid(data) {
+			continue
+		}
+		const max = 512
+		preview := data
+		if len(preview) > max {
+			preview = preview[:max]
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid SSE data JSON (len=%d): %q", len(data), preview)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func statusFromError(err error) int {
 	if err == nil {
 		return 0

sdk/api/handlers/handlers_stream_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -134,6 +134,37 @@ type authAwareStreamExecutor struct {
 	authIDs []string
 }
 
+type invalidJSONStreamExecutor struct{}
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) Identifier() string { return "codex" }
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) Execute(context.Context, *coreauth.Auth, coreexecutor.Request, coreexecutor.Options) (coreexecutor.Response, error) {
+	return coreexecutor.Response{}, &coreauth.Error{Code: "not_implemented", Message: "Execute not implemented"}
+}
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) ExecuteStream(context.Context, *coreauth.Auth, coreexecutor.Request, coreexecutor.Options) (*coreexecutor.StreamResult, error) {
+	ch := make(chan coreexecutor.StreamChunk, 1)
+	ch <- coreexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte("event: response.completed\ndata: {\"type\"")}
+	close(ch)
+	return &coreexecutor.StreamResult{Chunks: ch}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) Refresh(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) (*coreauth.Auth, error) {
+	return auth, nil
+}
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) CountTokens(context.Context, *coreauth.Auth, coreexecutor.Request, coreexecutor.Options) (coreexecutor.Response, error) {
+	return coreexecutor.Response{}, &coreauth.Error{Code: "not_implemented", Message: "CountTokens not implemented"}
+}
+
+func (e *invalidJSONStreamExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth, req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return nil, &coreauth.Error{
+		Code:       "not_implemented",
+		Message:    "HttpRequest not implemented",
+		HTTPStatus: http.StatusNotImplemented,
+	}
+}
+
 func (e *authAwareStreamExecutor) Identifier() string { return "codex" }
 
 func (e *authAwareStreamExecutor) Execute(context.Context, *coreauth.Auth, coreexecutor.Request, coreexecutor.Options) (coreexecutor.Response, error) {
@@ -524,3 +555,55 @@ func TestExecuteStreamWithAuthManager_SelectedAuthCallbackReceivesAuthID(t *test
 		t.Fatalf("selectedAuthID = %q, want %q", selectedAuthID, "auth2")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestExecuteStreamWithAuthManager_ValidatesOpenAIResponsesStreamDataJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	executor := &invalidJSONStreamExecutor{}
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	manager.RegisterExecutor(executor)
+
+	auth1 := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth1",
+		Provider: "codex",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Metadata: map[string]any{"email": "test1@example.com"},
+	}
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), auth1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("manager.Register(auth1): %v", err)
+	}
+
+	registry.GetGlobalRegistry().RegisterClient(auth1.ID, auth1.Provider, []*registry.ModelInfo{{ID: "test-model"}})
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		registry.GetGlobalRegistry().UnregisterClient(auth1.ID)
+	})
+
+	handler := NewBaseAPIHandlers(&sdkconfig.SDKConfig{}, manager)
+	dataChan, _, errChan := handler.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(context.Background(), "openai-response", "test-model", []byte(`{"model":"test-model"}`), "")
+	if dataChan == nil || errChan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-nil channels")
+	}
+
+	var got []byte
+	for chunk := range dataChan {
+		got = append(got, chunk...)
+	}
+	if len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty payload, got %q", string(got))
+	}
+
+	gotErr := false
+	for msg := range errChan {
+		if msg == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if msg.StatusCode != http.StatusBadGateway {
+			t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d", http.StatusBadGateway, msg.StatusCode)
+		}
+		if msg.Error == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error")
+		}
+		gotErr = true
+	}
+	if !gotErr {
+		t.Fatalf("expected terminal error")
+	}
+}

sdk/api/handlers/openai/openai_responses_handlers.go

@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) forwardResponsesStream(c *gin.Context, flush
 			if errMsg.Error != nil && errMsg.Error.Error() != "" {
 				errText = errMsg.Error.Error()
 			}
-			body := handlers.BuildErrorResponseBody(status, errText)
+			chunk := handlers.BuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk(status, errText, 0)
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "\nevent: error\ndata: %s\n\n", string(body))
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "\nevent: error\ndata: %s\n\n", string(chunk))
 		},
 		WriteDone: func() {
 			_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))

sdk/api/handlers/openai/openai_responses_handlers_stream_error_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package openai
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/api/handlers"
+	sdkconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+func TestForwardResponsesStreamTerminalErrorUsesResponsesErrorChunk(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	base := handlers.NewBaseAPIHandlers(&sdkconfig.SDKConfig{}, nil)
+	h := NewOpenAIResponsesAPIHandler(base)
+
+	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(recorder)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/v1/responses", nil)
+
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected gin writer to implement http.Flusher")
+	}
+
+	data := make(chan []byte)
+	errs := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
+	errs <- &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, Error: errors.New("unexpected EOF")}
+	close(errs)
+
+	h.forwardResponsesStream(c, flusher, func(error) {}, data, errs)
+	body := recorder.Body.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(body, `"type":"error"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected responses error chunk, got: %q", body)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(body, `"error":{`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected streaming error chunk (top-level type), got HTTP error body: %q", body)
+	}
+}

sdk/api/handlers/openai_responses_stream_error.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type openAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk struct {
+	Type           string `json:"type"`
+	Code           string `json:"code"`
+	Message        string `json:"message"`
+	SequenceNumber int    `json:"sequence_number"`
+}
+
+func openAIResponsesStreamErrorCode(status int) string {
+	switch status {
+	case http.StatusUnauthorized:
+		return "invalid_api_key"
+	case http.StatusForbidden:
+		return "insufficient_quota"
+	case http.StatusTooManyRequests:
+		return "rate_limit_exceeded"
+	case http.StatusNotFound:
+		return "model_not_found"
+	case http.StatusRequestTimeout:
+		return "request_timeout"
+	default:
+		if status >= http.StatusInternalServerError {
+			return "internal_server_error"
+		}
+		if status >= http.StatusBadRequest {
+			return "invalid_request_error"
+		}
+		return "unknown_error"
+	}
+}
+
+// BuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk builds an OpenAI Responses streaming error chunk.
+//
+// Important: OpenAI's HTTP error bodies are shaped like {"error":{...}}; those are valid for
+// non-streaming responses, but streaming clients validate SSE `data:` payloads against a union
+// of chunks that requires a top-level `type` field.
+func BuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk(status int, errText string, sequenceNumber int) []byte {
+	if status <= 0 {
+		status = http.StatusInternalServerError
+	}
+	if sequenceNumber < 0 {
+		sequenceNumber = 0
+	}
+
+	message := strings.TrimSpace(errText)
+	if message == "" {
+		message = http.StatusText(status)
+	}
+
+	code := openAIResponsesStreamErrorCode(status)
+
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(errText)
+	if trimmed != "" && json.Valid([]byte(trimmed)) {
+		var payload map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(trimmed), &payload); err == nil {
+			if t, ok := payload["type"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(t) == "error" {
+				if m, ok := payload["message"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(m) != "" {
+					message = strings.TrimSpace(m)
+				}
+				if v, ok := payload["code"]; ok && v != nil {
+					if c, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(c) != "" {
+						code = strings.TrimSpace(c)
+					} else {
+						code = strings.TrimSpace(fmt.Sprint(v))
+					}
+				}
+				if v, ok := payload["sequence_number"].(float64); ok && sequenceNumber == 0 {
+					sequenceNumber = int(v)
+				}
+			}
+			if e, ok := payload["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
+				if m, ok := e["message"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(m) != "" {
+					message = strings.TrimSpace(m)
+				}
+				if v, ok := e["code"]; ok && v != nil {
+					if c, ok := v.(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(c) != "" {
+						code = strings.TrimSpace(c)
+					} else {
+						code = strings.TrimSpace(fmt.Sprint(v))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if strings.TrimSpace(code) == "" {
+		code = "unknown_error"
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(openAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk{
+		Type:           "error",
+		Code:           code,
+		Message:        message,
+		SequenceNumber: sequenceNumber,
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		return data
+	}
+
+	// Extremely defensive fallback.
+	data, _ = json.Marshal(openAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk{
+		Type:           "error",
+		Code:           "internal_server_error",
+		Message:        message,
+		SequenceNumber: sequenceNumber,
+	})
+	if len(data) > 0 {
+		return data
+	}
+	return []byte(`{"type":"error","code":"internal_server_error","message":"internal error","sequence_number":0}`)
+}

sdk/api/handlers/openai_responses_stream_error_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestBuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk(t *testing.T) {
+	chunk := BuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unexpected EOF", 0)
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(chunk, &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if payload["type"] != "error" {
+		t.Fatalf("type = %v, want %q", payload["type"], "error")
+	}
+	if payload["code"] != "internal_server_error" {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %v, want %q", payload["code"], "internal_server_error")
+	}
+	if payload["message"] != "unexpected EOF" {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %v, want %q", payload["message"], "unexpected EOF")
+	}
+	if payload["sequence_number"] != float64(0) {
+		t.Fatalf("sequence_number = %v, want %v", payload["sequence_number"], 0)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunkExtractsHTTPErrorBody(t *testing.T) {
+	chunk := BuildOpenAIResponsesStreamErrorChunk(
+		http.StatusInternalServerError,
+		`{"error":{"message":"oops","type":"server_error","code":"internal_server_error"}}`,
+		0,
+	)
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(chunk, &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if payload["type"] != "error" {
+		t.Fatalf("type = %v, want %q", payload["type"], "error")
+	}
+	if payload["code"] != "internal_server_error" {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %v, want %q", payload["code"], "internal_server_error")
+	}
+	if payload["message"] != "oops" {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %v, want %q", payload["message"], "oops")
+	}
+}

sdk/auth/codex.go

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -48,6 +46,10 @@ func (a *CodexAuthenticator) Login(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, opts
 		opts = &LoginOptions{}
 	}
 
+	if shouldUseCodexDeviceFlow(opts) {
+		return a.loginWithDeviceFlow(ctx, cfg, opts)
+	}
+
 	callbackPort := a.CallbackPort
 	if opts.CallbackPort > 0 {
 		callbackPort = opts.CallbackPort
@@ -186,39 +188,5 @@ waitForCallback:
 		return nil, codex.NewAuthenticationError(codex.ErrCodeExchangeFailed, err)
 	}
 
-	tokenStorage := authSvc.CreateTokenStorage(authBundle)
+	return a.buildAuthRecord(authSvc, authBundle)
-
-	if tokenStorage == nil || tokenStorage.Email == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex token storage missing account information")
-	}
-
-	planType := ""
-	hashAccountID := ""
-	if tokenStorage.IDToken != "" {
-		if claims, errParse := codex.ParseJWTToken(tokenStorage.IDToken); errParse == nil && claims != nil {
-			planType = strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptPlanType)
-			accountID := strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptAccountID)
-			if accountID != "" {
-				digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte(accountID))
-				hashAccountID = hex.EncodeToString(digest[:])[:8]
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	fileName := codex.CredentialFileName(tokenStorage.Email, planType, hashAccountID, true)
-	metadata := map[string]any{
-		"email": tokenStorage.Email,
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("Codex authentication successful")
-	if authBundle.APIKey != "" {
-		fmt.Println("Codex API key obtained and stored")
-	}
-
-	return &coreauth.Auth{
-		ID:       fileName,
-		Provider: a.Provider(),
-		FileName: fileName,
-		Storage:  tokenStorage,
-		Metadata: metadata,
-	}, nil
 }

sdk/auth/codex_device.go

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/codex"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/browser"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+const (
+	codexLoginModeMetadataKey             = "codex_login_mode"
+	codexLoginModeDevice                  = "device"
+	codexDeviceUserCodeURL                = "https://auth.openai.com/api/accounts/deviceauth/usercode"
+	codexDeviceTokenURL                   = "https://auth.openai.com/api/accounts/deviceauth/token"
+	codexDeviceVerificationURL            = "https://auth.openai.com/codex/device"
+	codexDeviceTokenExchangeRedirectURI   = "https://auth.openai.com/deviceauth/callback"
+	codexDeviceTimeout                    = 15 * time.Minute
+	codexDeviceDefaultPollIntervalSeconds = 5
+)
+
+type codexDeviceUserCodeRequest struct {
+	ClientID string `json:"client_id"`
+}
+
+type codexDeviceUserCodeResponse struct {
+	DeviceAuthID string          `json:"device_auth_id"`
+	UserCode     string          `json:"user_code"`
+	UserCodeAlt  string          `json:"usercode"`
+	Interval     json.RawMessage `json:"interval"`
+}
+
+type codexDeviceTokenRequest struct {
+	DeviceAuthID string `json:"device_auth_id"`
+	UserCode     string `json:"user_code"`
+}
+
+type codexDeviceTokenResponse struct {
+	AuthorizationCode string `json:"authorization_code"`
+	CodeVerifier      string `json:"code_verifier"`
+	CodeChallenge     string `json:"code_challenge"`
+}
+
+func shouldUseCodexDeviceFlow(opts *LoginOptions) bool {
+	if opts == nil || opts.Metadata == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(opts.Metadata[codexLoginModeMetadataKey]), codexLoginModeDevice)
+}
+
+func (a *CodexAuthenticator) loginWithDeviceFlow(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, opts *LoginOptions) (*coreauth.Auth, error) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	httpClient := util.SetProxy(&cfg.SDKConfig, &http.Client{})
+
+	userCodeResp, err := requestCodexDeviceUserCode(ctx, httpClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	deviceCode := strings.TrimSpace(userCodeResp.UserCode)
+	if deviceCode == "" {
+		deviceCode = strings.TrimSpace(userCodeResp.UserCodeAlt)
+	}
+	deviceAuthID := strings.TrimSpace(userCodeResp.DeviceAuthID)
+	if deviceCode == "" || deviceAuthID == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device flow did not return required fields")
+	}
+
+	pollInterval := parseCodexDevicePollInterval(userCodeResp.Interval)
+
+	fmt.Println("Starting Codex device authentication...")
+	fmt.Printf("Codex device URL: %s\n", codexDeviceVerificationURL)
+	fmt.Printf("Codex device code: %s\n", deviceCode)
+
+	if !opts.NoBrowser {
+		if !browser.IsAvailable() {
+			log.Warn("No browser available; please open the device URL manually")
+		} else if errOpen := browser.OpenURL(codexDeviceVerificationURL); errOpen != nil {
+			log.Warnf("Failed to open browser automatically: %v", errOpen)
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokenResp, err := pollCodexDeviceToken(ctx, httpClient, deviceAuthID, deviceCode, pollInterval)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	authCode := strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.AuthorizationCode)
+	codeVerifier := strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.CodeVerifier)
+	codeChallenge := strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.CodeChallenge)
+	if authCode == "" || codeVerifier == "" || codeChallenge == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device flow token response missing required fields")
+	}
+
+	authSvc := codex.NewCodexAuth(cfg)
+	authBundle, err := authSvc.ExchangeCodeForTokensWithRedirect(
+		ctx,
+		authCode,
+		codexDeviceTokenExchangeRedirectURI,
+		&codex.PKCECodes{
+			CodeVerifier:  codeVerifier,
+			CodeChallenge: codeChallenge,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, codex.NewAuthenticationError(codex.ErrCodeExchangeFailed, err)
+	}
+
+	return a.buildAuthRecord(authSvc, authBundle)
+}
+
+func requestCodexDeviceUserCode(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client) (*codexDeviceUserCodeResponse, error) {
+	body, err := json.Marshal(codexDeviceUserCodeRequest{ClientID: codex.ClientID})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode codex device request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, codexDeviceUserCodeURL, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create codex device request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to request codex device code: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read codex device code response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !codexDeviceIsSuccessStatus(resp.StatusCode) {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(string(respBody))
+		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device endpoint is unavailable (status %d)", resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			trimmed = "empty response body"
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device code request failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, trimmed)
+	}
+
+	var parsed codexDeviceUserCodeResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &parsed); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode codex device code response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &parsed, nil
+}
+
+func pollCodexDeviceToken(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, deviceAuthID, userCode string, interval time.Duration) (*codexDeviceTokenResponse, error) {
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(codexDeviceTimeout)
+
+	for {
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device authentication timed out after 15 minutes")
+		}
+
+		body, err := json.Marshal(codexDeviceTokenRequest{
+			DeviceAuthID: deviceAuthID,
+			UserCode:     userCode,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to encode codex device poll request: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, codexDeviceTokenURL, bytes.NewReader(body))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create codex device poll request: %w", err)
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+
+		resp, err := client.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to poll codex device token: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		respBody, readErr := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		if readErr != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read codex device poll response: %w", readErr)
+		}
+
+		switch {
+		case codexDeviceIsSuccessStatus(resp.StatusCode):
+			var parsed codexDeviceTokenResponse
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &parsed); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode codex device token response: %w", err)
+			}
+			return &parsed, nil
+		case resp.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden || resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound:
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return nil, ctx.Err()
+			case <-time.After(interval):
+				continue
+			}
+		default:
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(string(respBody))
+			if trimmed == "" {
+				trimmed = "empty response body"
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex device token polling failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, trimmed)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func parseCodexDevicePollInterval(raw json.RawMessage) time.Duration {
+	defaultInterval := time.Duration(codexDeviceDefaultPollIntervalSeconds) * time.Second
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return defaultInterval
+	}
+
+	var asString string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &asString); err == nil {
+		if seconds, convErr := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(asString)); convErr == nil && seconds > 0 {
+			return time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second
+		}
+	}
+
+	var asInt int
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &asInt); err == nil && asInt > 0 {
+		return time.Duration(asInt) * time.Second
+	}
+
+	return defaultInterval
+}
+
+func codexDeviceIsSuccessStatus(code int) bool {
+	return code >= 200 && code < 300
+}
+
+func (a *CodexAuthenticator) buildAuthRecord(authSvc *codex.CodexAuth, authBundle *codex.CodexAuthBundle) (*coreauth.Auth, error) {
+	tokenStorage := authSvc.CreateTokenStorage(authBundle)
+
+	if tokenStorage == nil || tokenStorage.Email == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex token storage missing account information")
+	}
+
+	planType := ""
+	hashAccountID := ""
+	if tokenStorage.IDToken != "" {
+		if claims, errParse := codex.ParseJWTToken(tokenStorage.IDToken); errParse == nil && claims != nil {
+			planType = strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptPlanType)
+			accountID := strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptAccountID)
+			if accountID != "" {
+				digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte(accountID))
+				hashAccountID = hex.EncodeToString(digest[:])[:8]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fileName := codex.CredentialFileName(tokenStorage.Email, planType, hashAccountID, true)
+	metadata := map[string]any{
+		"email": tokenStorage.Email,
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Codex authentication successful")
+	if authBundle.APIKey != "" {
+		fmt.Println("Codex API key obtained and stored")
+	}
+
+	return &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       fileName,
+		Provider: a.Provider(),
+		FileName: fileName,
+		Storage:  tokenStorage,
+		Metadata: metadata,
+	}, nil
+}

sdk/auth/filestore.go

@@ -64,8 +64,16 @@ func (s *FileTokenStore) Save(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (str
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("auth filestore: create dir failed: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// metadataSetter is a private interface for TokenStorage implementations that support metadata injection.
+	type metadataSetter interface {
+		SetMetadata(map[string]any)
+	}
+
 	switch {
 	case auth.Storage != nil:
+		if setter, ok := auth.Storage.(metadataSetter); ok {
+			setter.SetMetadata(auth.Metadata)
+		}
 		if err = auth.Storage.SaveTokenToFile(path); err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/conductor.go

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ type RefreshEvaluator interface {
 
 const (
 	refreshCheckInterval  = 5 * time.Second
+	refreshMaxConcurrency = 16
 	refreshPendingBackoff = time.Minute
 	refreshFailureBackoff = 5 * time.Minute
 	quotaBackoffBase      = time.Second
@@ -155,7 +156,8 @@ type Manager struct {
 	rtProvider RoundTripperProvider
 
 	// Auto refresh state
-	refreshCancel context.CancelFunc
+	refreshCancel    context.CancelFunc
+	refreshSemaphore chan struct{}
 }
 
 // NewManager constructs a manager with optional custom selector and hook.
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@ func NewManager(store Store, selector Selector, hook Hook) *Manager {
 		hook:            hook,
 		auths:           make(map[string]*Auth),
 		providerOffsets: make(map[string]int),
+		refreshSemaphore: make(chan struct{}, refreshMaxConcurrency),
 	}
 	// atomic.Value requires non-nil initial value.
 	manager.runtimeConfig.Store(&internalconfig.Config{})
@@ -1828,9 +1831,7 @@ func (m *Manager) persist(ctx context.Context, auth *Auth) error {
 // every few seconds and triggers refresh operations when required.
 // Only one loop is kept alive; starting a new one cancels the previous run.
 func (m *Manager) StartAutoRefresh(parent context.Context, interval time.Duration) {
-	if interval <= 0 || interval > refreshCheckInterval {
+	if interval <= 0 {
-		interval = refreshCheckInterval
-	} else {
 		interval = refreshCheckInterval
 	}
 	if m.refreshCancel != nil {
@@ -1880,11 +1881,25 @@ func (m *Manager) checkRefreshes(ctx context.Context) {
 			if !m.markRefreshPending(a.ID, now) {
 				continue
 			}
-			go m.refreshAuth(ctx, a.ID)
+			go m.refreshAuthWithLimit(ctx, a.ID)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) refreshAuthWithLimit(ctx context.Context, id string) {
+	if m.refreshSemaphore == nil {
+		m.refreshAuth(ctx, id)
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case m.refreshSemaphore <- struct{}{}:
+		defer func() { <-m.refreshSemaphore }()
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return
+	}
+	m.refreshAuth(ctx, id)
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) snapshotAuths() []*Auth {
 	m.mu.RLock()
 	defer m.mu.RUnlock()

sdk/cliproxy/auth/selector.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"net/http"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
@@ -248,6 +249,9 @@ func getAvailableAuths(auths []*Auth, provider, model string, now time.Time) ([]
 }
 
 // Pick selects the next available auth for the provider in a round-robin manner.
+// For gemini-cli virtual auths (identified by the gemini_virtual_parent attribute),
+// a two-level round-robin is used: first cycling across credential groups (parent
+// accounts), then cycling within each group's project auths.
 func (s *RoundRobinSelector) Pick(ctx context.Context, provider, model string, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, auths []*Auth) (*Auth, error) {
 	_ = opts
 	now := time.Now()
@@ -265,21 +269,87 @@ func (s *RoundRobinSelector) Pick(ctx context.Context, provider, model string, o
 	if limit <= 0 {
 		limit = 4096
 	}
-	if _, ok := s.cursors[key]; !ok && len(s.cursors) >= limit {
-		s.cursors = make(map[string]int)
-	}
-	index := s.cursors[key]
 
+	// Check if any available auth has gemini_virtual_parent attribute,
+	// indicating gemini-cli virtual auths that should use credential-level polling.
+	groups, parentOrder := groupByVirtualParent(available)
+	if len(parentOrder) > 1 {
+		// Two-level round-robin: first select a credential group, then pick within it.
+		groupKey := key + "::group"
+		s.ensureCursorKey(groupKey, limit)
+		if _, exists := s.cursors[groupKey]; !exists {
+			// Seed with a random initial offset so the starting credential is randomized.
+			s.cursors[groupKey] = rand.IntN(len(parentOrder))
+		}
+		groupIndex := s.cursors[groupKey]
+		if groupIndex >= 2_147_483_640 {
+			groupIndex = 0
+		}
+		s.cursors[groupKey] = groupIndex + 1
+
+		selectedParent := parentOrder[groupIndex%len(parentOrder)]
+		group := groups[selectedParent]
+
+		// Second level: round-robin within the selected credential group.
+		innerKey := key + "::cred:" + selectedParent
+		s.ensureCursorKey(innerKey, limit)
+		innerIndex := s.cursors[innerKey]
+		if innerIndex >= 2_147_483_640 {
+			innerIndex = 0
+		}
+		s.cursors[innerKey] = innerIndex + 1
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+		return group[innerIndex%len(group)], nil
+	}
+
+	// Flat round-robin for non-grouped auths (original behavior).
+	s.ensureCursorKey(key, limit)
+	index := s.cursors[key]
 	if index >= 2_147_483_640 {
 		index = 0
 	}
-
 	s.cursors[key] = index + 1
 	s.mu.Unlock()
-	// log.Debugf("available: %d, index: %d, key: %d", len(available), index, index%len(available))
 	return available[index%len(available)], nil
 }
 
+// ensureCursorKey ensures the cursor map has capacity for the given key.
+// Must be called with s.mu held.
+func (s *RoundRobinSelector) ensureCursorKey(key string, limit int) {
+	if _, ok := s.cursors[key]; !ok && len(s.cursors) >= limit {
+		s.cursors = make(map[string]int)
+	}
+}
+
+// groupByVirtualParent groups auths by their gemini_virtual_parent attribute.
+// Returns a map of parentID -> auths and a sorted slice of parent IDs for stable iteration.
+// Only auths with a non-empty gemini_virtual_parent are grouped; if any auth lacks
+// this attribute, nil/nil is returned so the caller falls back to flat round-robin.
+func groupByVirtualParent(auths []*Auth) (map[string][]*Auth, []string) {
+	if len(auths) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	groups := make(map[string][]*Auth)
+	for _, a := range auths {
+		parent := ""
+		if a.Attributes != nil {
+			parent = strings.TrimSpace(a.Attributes["gemini_virtual_parent"])
+		}
+		if parent == "" {
+			// Non-virtual auth present; fall back to flat round-robin.
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		groups[parent] = append(groups[parent], a)
+	}
+	// Collect parent IDs in sorted order for stable cursor indexing.
+	parentOrder := make([]string, 0, len(groups))
+	for p := range groups {
+		parentOrder = append(parentOrder, p)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(parentOrder)
+	return groups, parentOrder
+}
+
 // Pick selects the first available auth for the provider in a deterministic manner.
 func (s *FillFirstSelector) Pick(ctx context.Context, provider, model string, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, auths []*Auth) (*Auth, error) {
 	_ = opts

sdk/cliproxy/auth/selector_test.go

@@ -402,3 +402,128 @@ func TestRoundRobinSelectorPick_CursorKeyCap(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("selector.cursors missing key %q", "gemini:m3")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRoundRobinSelectorPick_GeminiCLICredentialGrouping(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	selector := &RoundRobinSelector{}
+
+	// Simulate two gemini-cli credentials, each with multiple projects:
+	// Credential A (parent = "cred-a.json") has 3 projects
+	// Credential B (parent = "cred-b.json") has 2 projects
+	auths := []*Auth{
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a1", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a2", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a3", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-b.json::proj-b1", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-b.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-b.json::proj-b2", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-b.json"}},
+	}
+
+	// Two-level round-robin: consecutive picks must alternate between credentials.
+	// Credential group order is randomized, but within each call the group cursor
+	// advances by 1, so consecutive picks should cycle through different parents.
+	picks := make([]string, 6)
+	parents := make([]string, 6)
+	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
+		got, err := selector.Pick(context.Background(), "gemini-cli", "gemini-2.5-pro", cliproxyexecutor.Options{}, auths)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d error = %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if got == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d auth = nil", i)
+		}
+		picks[i] = got.ID
+		parents[i] = got.Attributes["gemini_virtual_parent"]
+	}
+
+	// Verify property: consecutive picks must alternate between credential groups.
+	for i := 1; i < len(parents); i++ {
+		if parents[i] == parents[i-1] {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d and #%d both from same parent %q (IDs: %q, %q); expected alternating credentials",
+				i-1, i, parents[i], picks[i-1], picks[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify property: each credential's projects are picked in sequence (round-robin within group).
+	credPicks := map[string][]string{}
+	for i, id := range picks {
+		credPicks[parents[i]] = append(credPicks[parents[i]], id)
+	}
+	for parent, ids := range credPicks {
+		for i := 1; i < len(ids); i++ {
+			if ids[i] == ids[i-1] {
+				t.Fatalf("Credential %q picked same project %q twice in a row", parent, ids[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRoundRobinSelectorPick_SingleParentFallsBackToFlat(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	selector := &RoundRobinSelector{}
+
+	// All auths from the same parent - should fall back to flat round-robin
+	// because there's only one credential group (no benefit from two-level).
+	auths := []*Auth{
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a1", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a2", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a3", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+	}
+
+	// With single parent group, parentOrder has length 1, so it uses flat round-robin.
+	// Sorted by ID: proj-a1, proj-a2, proj-a3
+	want := []string{
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a1",
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a2",
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a3",
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a1",
+	}
+
+	for i, expectedID := range want {
+		got, err := selector.Pick(context.Background(), "gemini-cli", "gemini-2.5-pro", cliproxyexecutor.Options{}, auths)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d error = %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if got == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d auth = nil", i)
+		}
+		if got.ID != expectedID {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d auth.ID = %q, want %q", i, got.ID, expectedID)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRoundRobinSelectorPick_MixedVirtualAndNonVirtualFallsBackToFlat(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	selector := &RoundRobinSelector{}
+
+	// Mix of virtual and non-virtual auths (e.g., a regular gemini-cli auth without projects
+	// alongside virtual ones). Should fall back to flat round-robin.
+	auths := []*Auth{
+		{ID: "cred-a.json::proj-a1", Attributes: map[string]string{"gemini_virtual_parent": "cred-a.json"}},
+		{ID: "cred-regular.json"}, // no gemini_virtual_parent
+	}
+
+	// groupByVirtualParent returns nil when any auth lacks the attribute,
+	// so flat round-robin is used. Sorted by ID: cred-a.json::proj-a1, cred-regular.json
+	want := []string{
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a1",
+		"cred-regular.json",
+		"cred-a.json::proj-a1",
+	}
+
+	for i, expectedID := range want {
+		got, err := selector.Pick(context.Background(), "gemini-cli", "", cliproxyexecutor.Options{}, auths)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d error = %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if got == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d auth = nil", i)
+		}
+		if got.ID != expectedID {
+			t.Fatalf("Pick() #%d auth.ID = %q, want %q", i, got.ID, expectedID)
+		}
+	}
+}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/types.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -12,6 +15,33 @@ import (
 	baseauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth"
 )
 
+// PostAuthHook defines a function that is called after an Auth record is created
+// but before it is persisted to storage. This allows for modification of the
+// Auth record (e.g., injecting metadata) based on external context.
+type PostAuthHook func(context.Context, *Auth) error
+
+// RequestInfo holds information extracted from the HTTP request.
+// It is injected into the context passed to PostAuthHook.
+type RequestInfo struct {
+	Query   url.Values
+	Headers http.Header
+}
+
+type requestInfoKey struct{}
+
+// WithRequestInfo returns a new context with the given RequestInfo attached.
+func WithRequestInfo(ctx context.Context, info *RequestInfo) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, requestInfoKey{}, info)
+}
+
+// GetRequestInfo retrieves the RequestInfo from the context, if present.
+func GetRequestInfo(ctx context.Context) *RequestInfo {
+	if val, ok := ctx.Value(requestInfoKey{}).(*RequestInfo); ok {
+		return val
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Auth encapsulates the runtime state and metadata associated with a single credential.
 type Auth struct {
 	// ID uniquely identifies the auth record across restarts.

sdk/cliproxy/builder.go

@@ -153,6 +153,16 @@ func (b *Builder) WithLocalManagementPassword(password string) *Builder {
 	return b
 }
 
+// WithPostAuthHook registers a hook to be called after an Auth record is created
+// but before it is persisted to storage.
+func (b *Builder) WithPostAuthHook(hook coreauth.PostAuthHook) *Builder {
+	if hook == nil {
+		return b
+	}
+	b.serverOptions = append(b.serverOptions, api.WithPostAuthHook(hook))
+	return b
+}
+
 // Build validates inputs, applies defaults, and returns a ready-to-run service.
 func (b *Builder) Build() (*Service, error) {
 	if b.cfg == nil {

sdk/cliproxy/service.go

@@ -925,6 +925,9 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 			key = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(a.Provider))
 		}
 		GlobalModelRegistry().RegisterClient(a.ID, key, applyModelPrefixes(models, a.Prefix, s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.ForceModelPrefix))
+		if provider == "antigravity" {
+			s.backfillAntigravityModels(a, models)
+		}
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1069,6 +1072,56 @@ func (s *Service) oauthExcludedModels(provider, authKind string) []string {
 	return cfg.OAuthExcludedModels[providerKey]
 }
 
+func (s *Service) backfillAntigravityModels(source *coreauth.Auth, primaryModels []*ModelInfo) {
+	if s == nil || s.coreManager == nil || len(primaryModels) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	sourceID := ""
+	if source != nil {
+		sourceID = strings.TrimSpace(source.ID)
+	}
+
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	for _, candidate := range s.coreManager.List() {
+		if candidate == nil || candidate.Disabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		candidateID := strings.TrimSpace(candidate.ID)
+		if candidateID == "" || candidateID == sourceID {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(candidate.Provider), "antigravity") {
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(reg.GetModelsForClient(candidateID)) > 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		authKind := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(candidate.Attributes["auth_kind"]))
+		if authKind == "" {
+			if kind, _ := candidate.AccountInfo(); strings.EqualFold(kind, "api_key") {
+				authKind = "apikey"
+			}
+		}
+		excluded := s.oauthExcludedModels("antigravity", authKind)
+		if candidate.Attributes != nil {
+			if val, ok := candidate.Attributes["excluded_models"]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(val) != "" {
+				excluded = strings.Split(val, ",")
+			}
+		}
+
+		models := applyExcludedModels(primaryModels, excluded)
+		models = applyOAuthModelAlias(s.cfg, "antigravity", authKind, models)
+		if len(models) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		reg.RegisterClient(candidateID, "antigravity", applyModelPrefixes(models, candidate.Prefix, s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.ForceModelPrefix))
+		log.Debugf("antigravity models backfilled for auth %s using primary model list", candidateID)
+	}
+}
+
 func applyExcludedModels(models []*ModelInfo, excluded []string) []*ModelInfo {
 	if len(models) == 0 || len(excluded) == 0 {
 		return models

sdk/cliproxy/service_antigravity_backfill_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+package cliproxy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+func TestBackfillAntigravityModels_RegistersMissingAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	source := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "ag-backfill-source",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"auth_kind": "oauth",
+		},
+	}
+	target := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "ag-backfill-target",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"auth_kind": "oauth",
+		},
+	}
+
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), source); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("register source auth: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), target); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("register target auth: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	service := &Service{
+		cfg:         &config.Config{},
+		coreManager: manager,
+	}
+
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	reg.UnregisterClient(source.ID)
+	reg.UnregisterClient(target.ID)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		reg.UnregisterClient(source.ID)
+		reg.UnregisterClient(target.ID)
+	})
+
+	primary := []*ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+	}
+	reg.RegisterClient(source.ID, "antigravity", primary)
+
+	service.backfillAntigravityModels(source, primary)
+
+	got := reg.GetModelsForClient(target.ID)
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected target auth to be backfilled with 2 models, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+
+	ids := make(map[string]struct{}, len(got))
+	for _, model := range got {
+		if model == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		ids[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(model.ID))] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := ids["claude-sonnet-4-5"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected backfilled model claude-sonnet-4-5")
+	}
+	if _, ok := ids["gemini-2.5-pro"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected backfilled model gemini-2.5-pro")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBackfillAntigravityModels_RespectsExcludedModels(t *testing.T) {
+	source := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "ag-backfill-source-excluded",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"auth_kind": "oauth",
+		},
+	}
+	target := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "ag-backfill-target-excluded",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"auth_kind":       "oauth",
+			"excluded_models": "gemini-2.5-pro",
+		},
+	}
+
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), source); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("register source auth: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), target); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("register target auth: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	service := &Service{
+		cfg:         &config.Config{},
+		coreManager: manager,
+	}
+
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	reg.UnregisterClient(source.ID)
+	reg.UnregisterClient(target.ID)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		reg.UnregisterClient(source.ID)
+		reg.UnregisterClient(target.ID)
+	})
+
+	primary := []*ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+	}
+	reg.RegisterClient(source.ID, "antigravity", primary)
+
+	service.backfillAntigravityModels(source, primary)
+
+	got := reg.GetModelsForClient(target.ID)
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 model after exclusion, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+	if got[0] == nil || !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(got[0].ID), "claude-sonnet-4-5") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected remaining model %q, got %+v", "claude-sonnet-4-5", got[0])
+	}
+}