diff --git a/bots/converters/blog_converter.py b/bots/converters/blog_converter.py
index 0f73de9..a6a4e5a 100644
--- a/bots/converters/blog_converter.py
+++ b/bots/converters/blog_converter.py
@@ -96,8 +96,7 @@ def build_full_html(article: dict, body_html: str, toc_html: str,
     json_ld = build_json_ld(article, post_url)
     disclaimer = article.get('disclaimer', '')
     parts = [json_ld]
-    if toc_html:
-        parts.append(f'<div class="toc-wrapper">{toc_html}</div>')
+    # 목차 비활성화 — 독자 경험 개선
     parts.append(body_html)
     if disclaimer:
         parts.append(f'<hr/><p class="disclaimer"><small>{disclaimer}</small></p>')
diff --git a/bots/publisher_bot.py b/bots/publisher_bot.py
index 36dbfb7..52604af 100644
--- a/bots/publisher_bot.py
+++ b/bots/publisher_bot.py
@@ -299,6 +299,42 @@ def fetch_featured_image(article: dict) -> str:
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning(f"Pexels 이미지 검색 실패: {e}")
 
+    # 4) Wikipedia 썸네일 (무료, API 키 불필요)
+    title = article.get('title', '')
+    tags = article.get('tags', [])
+    if isinstance(tags, str):
+        tags = [t.strip() for t in tags.split(',')]
+    for kw in ([title] + tags)[:4]:
+        if not kw:
+            continue
+        try:
+            from urllib.parse import quote
+            wiki_url = f'https://ko.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/summary/{quote(kw)}'
+            resp = requests.get(wiki_url, timeout=6,
+                                headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; BlogBot/1.0)'})
+            if resp.status_code == 200:
+                data = resp.json()
+                thumb = data.get('thumbnail', {}).get('source', '')
+                if thumb and thumb.startswith('http') and not _is_platform_logo(thumb):
+                    # 더 큰 해상도로 변환 (200px → 800px)
+                    thumb = thumb.replace('/200px-', '/800px-').replace('/320px-', '/800px-')
+                    return thumb
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        # 영문 Wikipedia fallback
+        try:
+            wiki_url = f'https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/summary/{quote(kw)}'
+            resp = requests.get(wiki_url, timeout=6,
+                                headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; BlogBot/1.0)'})
+            if resp.status_code == 200:
+                data = resp.json()
+                thumb = data.get('thumbnail', {}).get('source', '')
+                if thumb and thumb.startswith('http') and not _is_platform_logo(thumb):
+                    thumb = thumb.replace('/200px-', '/800px-').replace('/320px-', '/800px-')
+                    return thumb
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
     return ''
 
 
@@ -323,10 +359,7 @@ def build_full_html(article: dict, body_html: str, toc_html: str) -> str:
             )
 
     html_parts.append(json_ld)
-    # 목차는 h2가 3개 이상일 때만 표시 (짧은 글에선 불필요)
-    h2_count = body_html.lower().count('<h2')
-    if toc_html and h2_count >= 3:
-        html_parts.append(f'<div class="toc-wrapper">{toc_html}</div>')
+    # 목차 비활성화 — 독자 경험 개선 (사진 아래 목차 제거)
     html_parts.append(body_html)
 
     # 원문 출처 링크